作为是愚蠢的。[/cn] [en]"In our statistical analysis of the data we found that people regard stupid action in three different categories: (1) violations of maintaining a balance between confidence and abilities; (2) failures of attention; and (3) lack of control,"Aczél said.[/en][cn]Aczél称：“通过对统计数据进行分析，我们发现人们通常认为以下三个不同类别的行为是愚蠢的：（1）、无法做到自信与能力之间的平衡；（2）、注意力不集中；（3）、自制力不强。”[/cn] [en]Here are examples of the three categories:[/en][cn]以下是这三个类别的例证：[/cn] [en]1. Overconfidence[/en][cn]1、自负[/cn] [en]Aczél described it as "confident ignorance," or when someone is overconfident about their ability to do something. An example of this behavior is when a driver refuses to ask for directions, and might end up lost.[/en][cn]Aczél称之为“自信的无知”，或是当一个人对自己做事能力的过度自信。这一行为的一个例子就是司机开车不

研究常有5个非常亲密的朋友，10个稍微不那么默契的朋友，35个有些距离的朋友，然后是100个自己圈子以外的朋友。如今他和他的研究员公布的数据，似乎给该理论盖棺定论了。[/cn] [en]The remaining data was then clustered, to sort out whether there was layering in friendship closeness, where closeness was measured by the frequency of calls between two individuals. Turns out that the clusters shape up rather similarly to Dunbar’s suggestions. The results are published on arXiv.[/en][cn]此外，剩余的数据是成串的，要整理出亲密友谊是否分层，而亲密度是通过衡量两个人之间通电话的频率来得出的。结果发现，这串数据发展成邓巴观点，更确切的说，与邓巴观点相似。这个研究结果被发表在arXiv上。[/cn] （翻译：Dlacus） 声明：本双语文章的中文翻译系沪江英语原创内容，转载请注明出处。中文翻译仅代表译者个人观点，仅供参考。如有不妥之处，欢迎指正。

参与，分别给予一类人酒吧的抵用券，另外一类人书店的抵用券。那些被迫在酒吧消费抵用券的外向型人比内向型人要

要在美国和日本进行。[/cn] [en]A significant association was detected between having a higher purpose in life and reduced mortality from all causes and specifically from cardiovascular disease. The participants were 67 years old, on average, at the beginning of the studies, and they were followed for seven years. During that time, more than 14,500 of them died and more than 4,000 suffered [w]cardiovascular[/w] events such as strokes or heart attacks.[/en][cn]生活中拥有崇高的目标与减少各种原因，特别是心血管疾病，引发的死亡之间被检测到重要的关联。在研究之初，参与者的平均年龄为67岁，然后他们被关注了7年。在那期间，他们中的1万4500多人死亡，4000多人遭受过像中风或心脏病发作等心血管疾病的痛苦。[/cn] [en]Analysis of the data, which includes adjustments for other known factors (like did the participants smoke?) showed that a higher sense of purpose was linked to a reduction of about 20 percent in [w]mortality[/w] from all causes, as well as a lower risk of cardiovascular problems. This is a significant difference, and this knowledge should encourage us to help people find their purpose. It’s not just nice to have one — it can actually save lives. [/en][cn]配合其他已知因素（如参与者抽烟吗？）对数据进行的分析表明，崇高的目标感与各种原因引发的死亡减少约20%以及降低心血管疾病的风险有关联。这是一个有意义的不同之处，这项认知将鼓励我们帮助人们找到他们的目标。拥有一个目标不只是美好而已——它确实能拯救生命。[/cn] [en]So in the meantime, keep looking for your purpose![/en][cn]所以，在此期间，继续寻找你的目标吧！[/cn] 声明：本双语文章的中文翻译系沪江英语原创内容，转载请注明出处。中文翻译仅代表译者个人观点，仅供参考。如有不妥之处，欢迎指正。

研究

[en]We all know sleep matters for job performance. After a week of vacation, you may find your work better than ever. It wouldn't surprise anyone that sleep affects attention, memory and [w]cognition[/w] — important factors in the workplace. But striking new research suggests the effect of additional sleep has a high [w]monetary[/w] value.[/en][cn]我们都知道睡眠能影响工作表现。外出度假一周，你可能就会发现自己的工作相比从前有所起色。如果说睡眠能影响工作中一些重要元素，如注意力、记忆力和认知水平，没有人会感到谅异。但是一项惊人的新研究表明：多睡觉能带来巨大的货币价值。[/cn] [en]A paper — from Matthew Gibson of Williams College and Jeffrey Shrader of the University of California at San Diego, based on data from Jawbone, the fitness- and sleep-tracker company — says that additional time sleeping can translate into thousands of dollars in wages.[/en][cn]威廉姆斯学院的马修·吉普森和加州大学圣迭戈分校的杰弗里·施雷德根据健身和睡眠跟踪公司Jawbone的数据作了一篇论文，认为多出的睡眠时间可以转化成数千美元的薪资。[/cn] [en]In fact, they calculate that a one-hour increase in weekly sleep raises wages by about half as much as an additional year of education.[/en][cn]事实上，根据他们的计算，每周多睡1小时增加的工资，相当于多上1年学涨薪水平的1/2。[/cn] [en]Now, the story is not so simple. Don't think you can start to sleep more and you will [w]instantly[/w] make more money. It's more about the subtle [w]interplay[/w] between how people schedule their lives, how much time they have available to sleep and how that affects worker performance and, [w]ultimately[/w], earnings.[/en][cn]呃……事情其实没那么简单。不要以为你可以开始多睡觉，然后就能立刻赚到更多钱。这里面还有一些微妙的互动调整，关乎人们如何计划他们的生活、他们有多少时间可以用来睡觉、睡眠如何影响工作表现，还有最后如何影响到薪水。[/cn] [en]They find that a one-hour increase in average weekly sleep in a location increases wages by 1.3 percent in the short run, which include changes of less than a year, and 5 percent in the long run. By moving to a location where a sunset is one hour earlier, a worker will make an additional $1,570 a year.[/en][cn]他们发现，在一个固定地区，每周平均多睡1小时，薪水短期（1年内）会涨1.3%，长期会涨5%。而如果搬到一个日落早1小时的地区，每人每年可多赚1570美元。[/cn] [en]Not all of these wage differences are due directly to sleep, the researchers [w]caution[/w]. Some could be due to the [w]cumulative[/w] influence of other people. If the workers around you are made slightly more [w]productive[/w] by sleeping better, that could make your work more productive, too.[/en][cn]研究人员提醒说，并非所有的薪资水平差异都与睡眠直接相关，其中一部分可能源于其他人带来的总体影响。如果你周围的人能因为睡得更好而变得更有效率一点，你也会变得更有效率。[/cn] 声明：本双语文章的中文翻译系沪江英语原创内容，转载请注明出处。中文翻译仅代表译者个人观点，仅供参考。如有不妥之处，欢迎指正。

面的这些似乎有些老生常谈吧，不过哈默迈什教授还总研究结了一些吸引力的组成因素。觉得某个人有魅力可远不止情人眼里出西施这么简单，他指出还有一些潜意识因素：脸型的对称，面部表情和名人效应（看起来像某个名人）。[/cn] [en]In his book, Professor Hamermesh estimated that attractive people earned on average about £145,000 more in a lifetime than those with below-average looks. [/en][cn]教授在书中估计，长相好看的人一生平均要比长相低于平均水平的人收入高出14.5万英镑。[/cn] [en]A beautiful woman would earn four per cent more, and handsome men three per cent more, than their plain counterparts. [/en][cn]比起长相平平的同事，美貌的女性收入高出4%，帅气的男性收入则高出3%。[/cn] [en]When the professor's research became widely known in the early 1990s, he came in for some criticism - namely from comedian Jay Leno, who asked why someone like Dallas businessman and presidential candidate Ross Perot earned more than someone like actor Rob Lowe? [/en][cn]哈默迈什教授的研究自20世纪90年代早期起就广泛引起关注，不过也有一些批评的声音：特别是喜剧演员杰·雷诺（小编注：美国NBC电视台《今夜脱口秀》节目主持人），他就质疑为什么罗斯·佩洛特，这位达拉斯小牛队前老板和两届总统候选人， 赚得要比帅哥级演员罗伯·洛多呢？[/cn] [en]But Professor Hamermesh brushed this off, being quoted in the Sydney Morning Herald as saying: 'We don't talk about individuals; we talk about the average good-looking person and the average bad-looking person. There are always [w=outlier]outliers[/w].'[/en][cn]不过哈默迈什教授没有接受这种质疑，他曾对《悉尼先驱晨报》表示：“我们谈论的不是单独的个人，我们的讨论对象是平均长相好看和平均长相难看的人。总是会有例外的。”[/cn] [en]Of course education and work experience were important factors in earnings, but Professor Hamermesh said his new book, based on his research, showed that a person's looks were impossible to ignore.[/en][cn]教授基于多年的研究在新书中表示，教育背景和工作经历当然是影响我们收入的重要因素，但是个人长相的影响也无法忽略。[/cn] 声明：双语文章中，中文翻译仅代表译者个人观点，仅供参考。如有不妥之处，欢迎指正。

研究

响着我们如何与他人互动。在最近的研究（还未发表）中，（西北大学凯洛格管理学院的）Maryam Kouchaki以及（伦敦商学院的）Dan Cable和我回顾了一所美国顶级商学院MBA招生办公室的现场数据。有点令人震惊的是，我们发现在招生办公室对申请者进行评估时，时刻与申请者的教育背景以及工作经验对评估结果有着差不多的影响。特

容人的性格与行为，比如，我们会说某人很苦闷，也会用尖酸、泼辣等词来描述别人。那么，食物的味道真的可以反应出我们是什么样的人吗？[/cn] [en]Scientists looked for a link between a love of sweet things and the [w]tendency[/w] to be [w]generous[/w] or generally agreeable. College students answered a series of questions about their [w]character[/w]—whether, for example, they’re [w]soft-hearted[/w] or enjoy [w=insult]insulting[/w] people. Then they rated their liking for a variety of foods, from cake and ice cream to [w=cranberry]cranberries[/w], [w]sauerkraut[/w] and [w]salsa[/w]. And it turns out that kids with a sweet tooth see themselves as sweet.[/en][cn]科学家在研究后发现，爱吃甜食的人似乎更加慷慨大度，真诚友善。研究者让学生们回答一系列与性格相关的问题，比如，是否为人心肠软？喜不喜欢挖苦别人？然后，研究者又让学生们根据自己的喜囧研究：爱吃甜食，人更“甜”[/cn] [en]Study subjects who expressed a [w]preference[/w] for sweet over [w]spicy[/w] tastes also tended to be more [w]agreeable[/w].[/en][cn]研究好将各种食物排序，从蛋糕、冰淇淋到小红莓、泡菜和辣椒酱。得出的结果是，爱吃甜食的孩子都把自己当成是“小甜甜”。[/cn] [en]And maybe they are. Those that liked candy more than [w=cracker]crackers[/w] were more likely to volunteer around campus or for additional studies. So if you’re looking to score a little milk of human kindness, try putting out a plate of cookies.[/en][cn]这种说法可能有点道理。爱吃糖果的孩子比爱吃咸饼干的孩子更愿意在学校里当志愿者或参加其它活动。如果你不想孩子成为善良慷慨的人，你就尽管拿走那盘曲奇饼干吧。 [/cn]